'Golf balls are a product of colonial exploitation!' British Empire 'imposed' the game around the world and harvested rubber from Southeast Asian territories to make balls for the European market, exhibition claims

A new exhibition at St Andrews in Scotland shines a light on golf's history
It claims that the game was 'imposed' abroad by the British Empire in the 1800s
Colonial countries' resources were also "exploited" to make golf balls, it says

Golf is known as a stylish sport for a civilised player, but researchers at the University of St Andrews claim the game was 'imposed' by the British Empire in colonial countries around the world during the 19th century.

Golf balls were once made using rubber harvested from these colonial territories. Gutta-percha, a natural rubber material found in trees native to southeast Asia, was harvested to make golf balls for the European market.

St Andrews is known as the 'home of golf' for its 600-year playing history.

Golf balls were the product of colonial exploitation, according to the University of St Andrews, while the game itself was was 'imposed' around the world by the British Empire

Gutta-percha (pictured), a natural rubber material found in trees native to South-east Asia, is a tree of the genus Palaquium. In the 19th century, it was harvested to make golf balls for the European market

Golf originated in Scotland in the 15th century, although it was banned by King James II on the basis that games were a distraction from military training.

Restrictions on playing the game were removed with the Treaty of Glasgow, coming into effect in 1502.

Gutta-percha's natural bounce made it ideal to make a new 'gutta ball' (pictured), which replaced the older 'feathery ball' made from feathers and stitched leather

Saint Andrews Links located in the town of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, is widely recognised as the 'home of golf'

By the late 19th century, golf had spread to Ireland, the US and other parts of Europe, and it had also reached British Empire territories including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Egypt, South Africa, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Hong Kong. Cricket as well as golf spread across the Empire as British enthusiasts established clubs abroad.

Gutta rubber grew most abundantly in Malaysia, which was formerly held by the British.

Victorian scientists discovered that the rubber was a perfect and profitable material for covering burgeoning telegraph wires.

Its natural bounce also made it ideal to make a new 'gutta ball', said to have been invented in 1843 by St Andrews student Robert Adams Paterson, which replaced the older 'feathery ball' made from feathers and stitched leather.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF GOLF

The game of golf as we know it today can be attributed to the Scots, although there are records of several stick and ball games throughout history.

As far back as the 13th century, the Dutch played a game where a leather ball was hit with the intention of reaching a target several hundred yards away.

The winner would be the player who reached the target with the fewest shots.

However, the Scottish variation of the sport was distinguished by the aim of getting the ball into a hole.

When talking about the modern game with 18 holes, golf history traces its origins back to 15th century Scotland.

The game is first mentioned in an Act of Scottish Parliament in 1457, which called for it to be banned alongside football.

King James II of Scotland prohibited playing games as it was a distraction from military training, so he felt perfecting archery was more worthwhile.

After several more bannings throughout the 15th century and golf being lambasted as an unprofitable sport, restrictions on playing the game were removed with the Treaty of Glasgow coming into effect in 1502.

The oldest recorded rules for the game date back to the year 1744, where The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers published 'Articles and Laws in Playing at Golf'.

This ancient piece of golf history, which now remains in the National Library of Scotland, gave fame to the Muirfield club being the longest surviving club in the history of golf.

Scottish soldiers, immigrants, and expatriates played a pivotal role in the history of golf.

They were responsible for spreading the game around the British Isles during the 18th century.

However, it wasn’t until the 19th century that the game started to gain an international presence, including in the British Empire.

The oldest golf courses outside of Britain are to be found in nearby France, with the establishment of the Royal Calcutta Golf Club in 1829 and the club at Pau in 1856.

By 1880, golf had spread to Ireland, many other parts of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Singapore, and South Africa.

Meanwhile, back in Britain, the game enjoyed increased popularity. By 1880, England had 10 golf courses, which rapidly increased to 1000 by 1914.

Source: College Of Golf at Keiser University

A Brief History of Golf

reader comments:

Who are the idiots that have to find something like this in every damn thing?

The guy who came up with this will probably get a masters degree in BS.

Will some one save us from these narrow-minded idiots

I suspect 'imposed' is the wrong word. It is only natural that Brits abroad would want to play their favourite games

All wokes should be buried to their knees at the driving range and used for target practice.

If we had used tennis balls and larger holes, would that have been okay?

To make amends for our past sins I suggest that we tell countries other than Britain to stop playing golf, cricket and football.

Has anybody told Tiger Woods?

SUDANESE-AUSSIE MUSLIM ingrate fantasizes about ditching her Australian citizenship in a repugnant essay slamming the country’s ‘blood-drenched’ past

AUGUST 24, 2022 BY BARENAKEDISLAM4 COMMENTS

Yassmin Abdel-Magied, 31, fled Australia in 2017 after sparking fury on TV and social media with her views attacking Australia and promoting Islamic Sharia law. Now the dual Sudanese-Aussie citizen has revealed she dreams of ‘un-belonging’ from Australia – but she has already insulted her newly-adopted British homeland.

Daily Mail (h/t Dave T) Abdel-Magied says she still wants to scrap her Australian citizenship – but moans her Sudanese passport won’t give her nearly as many opportunities. ‘I fantasise about giving up my Australian passport,’ she writes in her new book, Talking About A Revolution.

‘My dreams are filled with warm golden hues, the imagined release of renunciation the moment I hand in my papers and walk away. ‘Away from the country (Australia) responsible for trauma that still wakes me up in sweats. Away from the false promises of fairness and equality I had so wholeheartedly bought into. ‘If I hand in the little blue book, I think, I will at last be free. Maybe if I walk away, I can breathe again.’

But she admits her current life is only possible because Australia welcomed her family when they escaped the civil war-torn Sudanese capital of Khartoum in 1992. ‘I am grateful, sure. But to my parents, not to the system,’ she writes.

‘And that gratitude exists alongside an understanding that my privilege sprouts from blood-drenched soil in so-called Australia.’ Ms Abdel-Magied branded herself ‘the most publicly hated Muslim’ when she fled Australia for London five years ago after sparking two furious rows.

But appearing on ABC News Breakfast this week, Abdel-Magied said renouncing her citizenship would be “very impractical” for travel purposes as it would leave her with only Sudanese citizenship.

“The Sudanese citizenship that I have doesn’t get me very far travelling in the world,” she said.

In February 2017, she appeared on the ABC’s Q+A show and insisted: ‘Islam to me is the most feminist religion.’ Two months later, she was blasted for a Facebook post on Anzac Day 2017 which read: ‘LEST. WE. FORGET. (Manus, Nauru, Syria, Palestine…)’

In her book, she compares herself to dolphins lured into a quiet cove before being ambushed by Japanese fishermen. ‘I had swum into cool calm waters, trustingly and willingly, only to be taken to slaughter,’ she writes.

The backlash led her to move to the UK where she has since met and married her British husband after spending six months hammering out a marriage contract. ‘I’m a big proponent of the marriage contract, and I tell all my friends to do it,’ she told the Sydney Morning Herald in June.

‘I was very clear about what I wanted from a relationship: that my money is my money, and that I did not want to give up my life. ‘I had certain expectations of what a life would look like, and if he wasn’t on board, then he didn’t get me.’

But her hopes of a quiet life in London have been dashed after her outburst over the British celebrations of Queen Elizabeth’s 70 years on the throne in June.

Ms Abdel-Magied sparked another firestorm with her ‘waking nightmare’ comment.

She’s been bombarded with abuse after branding the sea of Union Jack flags celebrating the Queen‘s Jubilee as a ‘waking nightmare’.

She revealed ‘one indigenous British woman’ slammed her as an ‘engineer of social discord and division’.

‘This country, that you insult, has given you a home and opportunities and the freedom to sprout your disgusting comments – which I found very offensive,’ the letter read.

Ms Abdel-Magied tweeted a picture of the anonymous letter which demanded why she didn’t just move if she was so offended by the presence of British flags.

She now says she wants to ‘un-belong’ to Australia and ditch her blue Australian passport – but admits the idea has infuriated many. ‘Is un-belonging a rejection?’ she added. ‘I can understand how it feels that way.

‘I see it in the flickers of betrayal behind the eyes of fellow Australians who ask when I am coming back, hear it in the pitch of their voices, the sudden slips of their smiles.

‘In these moments, I feel compelled to apologise, equivocate, or silently turn away from their naked displays of vulnerability.

‘But un-belonging is perhaps more common than we think: people are constantly and consistently choosing to un-belong all the time; from their religious group, their political party, their profession.

‘Sure, there might be some costs, but most of the time, you are free to go. Tougher, perhaps, without the creature comforts I am accustomed to today.

‘It is ironic that the only way I can do that is by holding on to my Australian passport.’

Sudanese-Australian writer and broadcaster Yassmin Abdel-Magied decided to leave the country that she called home after becoming, what she then described as, the most “publicly hated Muslim in Australia”

Friday, 26 August 2022

Golf Balls a Product of Colonial Exploitation, Golf Imposed by the British Empire Worldwide?